Fundamentals of Modern Protection Relaying. Here we deal with the protection & control principles of high voltage stations. HV Bus Differential Protection is studied along with restrictions due to CT saturation & mismatch and its solution, “Restraint Differential Protection”.

Starting with System Faults and how they affect  Switchyard Configuration & Elements simple “Differential Protection” is examined along with the mal-operation due to CT saturation and mismatch.

High Voltage Circuit Breakers are examined as to the various Types (Oil, Vacuum, Air Blast, SF6), their Controls (Closing/Tripping/anti-pumping) Reclosure Syncrocheck relay CUH 90 – VG, as well as Breakers Failure Protection, is part of this module along with a quick look at Dynamic Monitoring Equipment. Transfer & remote tripping along with the need to provide immunity from ground rise potential and open-circuit situations.